Ultrasonic Radar with Arduino - Step-by-Step Guide | FactKnowInfo

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Ultrasonic Radar with Arduino - Step-by-Step Guide

Ultrasonic Radar with Arduino

Detect any object that comes in the range of this radar with an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino. This project uses an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo motor to scan the area and display the results on a radar-like interface using Processing.

Components and Supplies

  • 1 x SG90 Micro-servo motor
  • 1 x HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
  • 1 x Arduino UNO
  • Jumper wires
  • Breadboard (optional)
  • Glue gun (for temporary mounting)

Apps and Platforms

  • Arduino IDE
  • Processing IDE

How It Works

The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on a servo motor, which rotates from 15° to 165°. The sensor sends ultrasonic waves and measures the time taken for the echo to return, calculating the distance of any object in its path. The Arduino sends the angle and distance data to the Processing IDE via serial communication. Processing displays a radar-like interface, showing green lines for no detected objects and red lines for detected objects within a specified range (e.g., 40 cm).

Hardware Connections

Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)

  • VCC → 5V on Arduino
  • GND → GND on Arduino
  • TRIG → Digital Pin 2 on Arduino
  • ECHO → Digital Pin 3 on Arduino

Servo Motor (SG90)

  • Red Wire (VCC) → 5V on Arduino
  • Brown Wire (GND) → GND on Arduino
  • Orange Wire (Signal) → Digital Pin 4 on Arduino

Arduino Code

The Arduino code controls the servo motor and ultrasonic sensor, calculates distances, and sends data to the Processing IDE.

#include <Servo.h>

#define trigPin 2
#define echoPin 3

long duration;
int distance;

Servo myservo;

int calculateDistance() {
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  delayMicroseconds(2);
  digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
  delayMicroseconds(10);
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
  distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;
  return distance;
}

void setup() {
  pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
  myservo.attach(4);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  for (int i = 15; i <= 165; i++) {
    myservo.write(i);
    delay(15);
    distance = calculateDistance();
    Serial.print(i);
    Serial.print(",");
    Serial.print(distance);
    Serial.print(".");
  }
  for (int i = 165; i >= 15; i--) {
    myservo.write(i);
    delay(15);
    distance = calculateDistance();
    Serial.print(i);
    Serial.print(",");
    Serial.print(distance);
    Serial.print(".");
  }
}

Processing Code

The Processing code visualizes the radar interface. It reads data from the Arduino and displays the radar with detected objects.

import processing.serial.*;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.io.IOException;

Serial myPort;
String angle = "";
String distance = "";
String data = "";
String noObject;
float pixsDistance;
int iAngle, iDistance;
int index1 = 0;
int index2 = 0;
PFont orcFont;

void setup() {
  size(1200, 700);
  smooth();
  myPort = new Serial(this, "COM7", 9600); // Change "COM7" to your port
  myPort.bufferUntil('.');
}

void draw() {
  fill(98, 245, 31);
  noStroke();
  fill(0, 4);
  rect(0, 0, width, height - height * 0.065);
  fill(98, 245, 31);
  drawRadar();
  drawLine();
  drawObject();
  drawText();
}

void serialEvent(Serial myPort) {
  data = myPort.readStringUntil('.');
  data = data.substring(0, data.length() - 1);
  index1 = data.indexOf(",");
  angle = data.substring(0, index1);
  distance = data.substring(index1 + 1, data.length());
  iAngle = int(angle);
  iDistance = int(distance);
}

void drawRadar() {
  pushMatrix();
  translate(width / 2, height - height * 0.074);
  noFill();
  strokeWeight(2);
  stroke(98, 245, 31);
  arc(0, 0, (width - width * 0.0625), (width - width * 0.0625), PI, TWO_PI);
  arc(0, 0, (width - width * 0.27), (width - width * 0.27), PI, TWO_PI);
  arc(0, 0, (width - width * 0.479), (width - width * 0.479), PI, TWO_PI);
  arc(0, 0, (width - width * 0.687), (width - width * 0.687), PI, TWO_PI);
  line(-width / 2, 0, width / 2, 0);
  line(0, 0, (-width / 2) * cos(radians(30)), (-width / 2) * sin(radians(30)));
  line(0, 0, (-width / 2) * cos(radians(60)), (-width / 2) * sin(radians(60)));
  line(0, 0, (-width / 2) * cos(radians(90)), (-width / 2) * sin(radians(90)));
  line(0, 0, (-width / 2) * cos(radians(120)), (-width / 2) * sin(radians(120)));
  line(0, 0, (-width / 2) * cos(radians(150)), (-width / 2) * sin(radians(150)));
  line((-width / 2) * cos(radians(30)), 0, width / 2, 0);
  popMatrix();
}

void drawObject() {
  pushMatrix();
  translate(width / 2, height - height * 0.074);
  strokeWeight(9);
  stroke(255, 10, 10);
  pixsDistance = iDistance * ((height - height * 0.1666) * 0.025);
  if (iDistance < 40) {
    line(pixsDistance * cos(radians(iAngle)), -pixsDistance * sin(radians(iAngle)), (width - width * 0.505) * cos(radians(iAngle)), -(width - width * 0.505) * sin(radians(iAngle)));
  }
  popMatrix();
}

void drawLine() {
  pushMatrix();
  strokeWeight(9);
  stroke(30, 250, 60);
  translate(width / 2, height - height * 0.074);
  line(0, 0, (height - height * 0.12) * cos(radians(iAngle)), -(height - height * 0.12) * sin(radians(iAngle)));
  popMatrix();
}

void drawText() {
  pushMatrix();
  if (iDistance > 40) {
    noObject = "Out of Range";
  } else {
    noObject = "In Range";
  }
  fill(0, 0, 0);
  noStroke();
  rect(0, height - height * 0.0648, width, height);
  fill(98, 245, 31);
  textSize(25);
  text("10cm", width - width * 0.3854, height - height * 0.0833);
  text("20cm", width - width * 0.281, height - height * 0.0833);
  text("30cm", width - width * 0.177, height - height * 0.0833);
  text("40cm", width - width * 0.0729, height - height * 0.0833);
  textSize(40);
  text("N_Tech ", width - width * 0.875, height - height * 0.0277);
  text("Angle: " + iAngle + " ", width - width * 0.48, height - height * 0.0277);
  text("Distance: ", width - width * 0.26, height - height * 0.0277);
  if (iDistance < 40) {
    text("        " + iDistance + " cm", width - width * 0.225, height - height * 0.0277);
  }
  popMatrix();
}

Steps to Build the Project

  1. Hardware Setup: Connect the ultrasonic sensor and servo motor to the Arduino as described.
  2. Upload Arduino Code: Open the Arduino IDE, copy and paste the provided Arduino code, and upload it to the Arduino.
  3. Run Processing Code: Open the Processing IDE, copy and paste the provided Processing code, and run it. Ensure the correct serial port is selected.
  4. Test the System: Place objects within the sensor's range and observe the radar interface for red lines indicating detected objects.

Troubleshooting

  • No Data in Processing: Ensure the correct serial port is selected in the Processing code.
  • Servo Not Rotating: Check the servo connections and ensure it is powered properly.
  • Inaccurate Distance Measurements: Ensure the ultrasonic sensor is properly connected and there are no obstructions.

Conclusion

This project is a great way to learn about integrating sensors, servos, and serial communication. It can be extended by adding features like sound alerts, longer detection ranges, or integrating with other sensors. Have fun building and experimenting!

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